what are some of the risks to inappropriate self-disclosure

Due west. Bryce Hagedorn one time counseled a client who was wrestling with intense feelings of shame regarding things he had done during the Vietnam War. The customer, a veteran of the U.Southward. Marine Corps, felt responsible for the soldiers he had lost during combat. He never expressed any details connected to these painful and complicated memories, however, until Hagedorn used a pivotal therapeutic tool: self-disclosure.

Hagedorn is also a Marine Corps veteran who has served in combat. The disclosure of his military service "opened the door to share things that the client had never shared before, even with going to the Department of Veterans Diplomacy [for treatment] for years. Before he was able to share, he wanted to know if I would be judging him," says Hagedorn, a licensed mental health advisor and director of the advisor education programme at the Academy of Central Florida.

When used sparingly, professionally and appropriately, advisor cocky-disclosure can build trust, foster empathy and strengthen the therapeutic alliance between advisor and customer. However, counselor cocky-disclosure likewise holds the potential to derail progress and take focus off of the customer. It is a tool that should be used with care — and in small doses, according to the ethics professionals working at the American Counseling Association (meet sidebar below). Learning how, when or whether to use self-disclosure with clients is best accomplished through training, experience and supervision.

Hagedorn notes that one time a clinician self-discloses, the client may naturally be inclined to enquire questions seeking boosted personal information virtually the advisor. "If y'all're going to self-disclose, know ahead of time where your bailout point is," says Hagedorn, a member of ACA. "In one case you open the cocky-disclosure door, where are you lot going to stop? When I worked with couples, they could run across that I was wearing a wedding ring. I was often asked how long I had been married, if I had kids or if I always struggled similar [the clients were] struggling. Know where yous're going to stop answering questions."

Hagedorn doesn't believe that self-disclosure should be an automatic, out-of-the-gate technique for counselor practitioners. Rather, he advises, counselors should consider information technology a tool to go along in reserve, using it only when appropriate — and with articulate intention.

"I'm in favor of less is more with self-disclosure," Hagedorn says. "If yous're going to self-disclose, you take to do it with dignity and understand the reasons why a customer is asking [for personal data from a counselor]. Explain to the client, 'Even if I accept walked downwardly a similar path, it doesn't mean I have walked down your path."

The many aspects of cocky-disclosure

Counseling Today recently collected insights about counselor cocky-disclosure from American Counseling Clan members of varied backgrounds and practice settings. Read their thoughts below.

We encourage readers to add together their own thoughts to this word by posting comments at the bottom of this article.

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Kimberly Parrow is a doctoral student at the University of Montana. She is a licensed clinical professional counselor who specializes in working with clients to address grief and posttraumatic growth.

Client comments often spark the urge for cocky-disclosure. The feelings of connection in a professional counseling relationship tempt counselors to cocky-disembalm, sometimes without warning. I think the consideration of providing personal details to clients occurs regularly [but] believe situations when such disclosures are appropriate are few. Appropriate self-disclosure is client-focused, validates the client's experience and spurs further exploration. A constructive disclosure is brief, focused on pregnant and light on story.

Professional counseling relationships require a harmony of the necessary theoretical and relational components. When the pull to disclose occurs, I take a moment and enquire myself 3 things:

a) Is the disclosure grounded in theory?

b) Is at that place any other mode to go along the locus of the experience within the client's world?

c) How volition the disclosure affect the therapeutic relationship?

For these reasons, I think it is important to keep in mind that the decision to disembalm should non be made in the moment. An appropriate disclosure is the product of thoughtful planning.

I once had a immature adult customer recovering from a tragedy that killed several people and left him clinging to life. Our piece of work began after several months of hospitalization and physical therapy. A number of sessions became focused on his feelings of dissociation regarding his own near-expiry feel. He would make statements such as, "I almost died, and it feels like I don't care." He explained the feeling was getting in the way of connecting with his family and friends. His back up people couldn't understand why he wasn't more thankful to be live, and neither could he. Feelings of isolation and confusion were becoming a sticking point in his recovery. He felt solitary in a rare experience. Withal, he wasn't and isn't lone; I have had a near-death experience too.

My decision to disclose took several days. The disclosure would be tied to our treatment goals, just keeping the locus on the customer was a challenge. A word of my experience might exist as well attracting and could pose a threat to our therapeutic relationship and focus. Eventually I decided on a very brief statement, [maxim], "I almost died once too," and waited for the subject to surface once more. When information technology did, I shared my brief statement. It was unproblematic and powerful. In that moment, he was able to trust that my validation of and explanation for his dissociation was existent, because I had also lived it. Every bit a result, our therapeutic bond deepened, and our trauma recovery work gained traction.

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Benjamin Hearn is a school-based advisor in Columbia, South Carolina.

Self-disclosure is something that we all exercise with our clients from the moment we brainstorm interacting with them. Our dress, offices and other nonverbal communications all disclose things nigh [us], either intentionally or unintentionally.

Our more than common notion of self-disclosure, however, centers on information we share about ourselves verbally with our clients. One piece of information that I have found myself often considering whether to disembalm is my identity equally a gay male. I nearly often disembalm this information when I have sufficient client rapport and a client voices an incorrect assumption about me, such equally request virtually my wife. At other times, I may employ disclosure to model a healthy gay identity or to promote a sense of similarity betwixt myself and a client.

This latter approach was specially helpful with a teenage client who had recently come out as gay but did not know other gay people and conceptualized them using mutual stereotypes. In society to keep the focus on him while disclosing, I framed my disclosure with a question afterward, maxim, "I'm not sure if you know this, merely I'm also gay and wonder if you see me as fitting within these stereotypes?" This allowed my client to explore differences in gay identities, as well as modeling a secure identity. He noted that he was surprised at how coincidental I had been in my statement, later which I was able to assistance him in exploring reasons that he was anxious almost his own disclosure to others.

Regardless of the content being self-disclosed, counselors should consider the possible risks and benefits of disclosure prior to disclosure and how they will keep focus on the client afterward. This can be done by questioning how a client responds to the information or by ending the disclosure using an empathy statement such every bit, "I call back when my own kid left for college. You experience like the house and your life is simply emptier." Though this statement contains a self-disclosure, it is framed in a mode that acts as an empathy statement, which the customer is then able to evaluate according to their own experience.

Overall, mindful and intentional cocky-disclosure can act as a powerful technique in the therapeutic human relationship [that] can normalize customer bug, model salubrious behaviors and increase clients' own self-exploration.

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John J. Potato is a licensed psychologist and professor of psychology and counseling at the University of Central Arkansas. He is the writer of the book Solution-Focused Counseling in Schools, published past ACA.

The determination to self-disclose, similar whatsoever counseling decision, is based on my judgment of its potential to enhance clients' goals. For me, cocky-disclosure is never planned but occurs spontaneously, just every bit it does in other relationships and conversations. Self-disclosure can help convey our humility, humanity and agreement. Research indicates that the most effective counselors are seen by clients as genuine, empathetic and accessible, and self-disclosure tin aid foster such perceptions.

The following examples of self-disclosure occurred in a psychoeducational group that I led for parents and guardians of children with behavioral difficulties:

• We started the get-go coming together by stating that some parents describe parenting as one of the about joyful, gratifying and challenging experiences of their lives. I commented that parenting was much more than draining and humbling than I ever expected, adding that "if I made as many mistakes on a chore as I do equally a parent, I'm pretty sure I'd be fired inside a calendar week." They liked that metaphor and brought it upwardly a few times in subsequent meetings.
• I made the following comments in a coming together during which a parent stated how hard it was to modify her parenting style: "Some of my parenting habits have been really difficult to pause. One that comes to mind is the use of those curt 'precision requests' nosotros discussed last calendar week. Even though I teach it to parents, information technology's hard for me to practice it with my own kids. Then, I have these times when I can almost see the words traveling from my mouth toward one of my kids, and I just want to reach out and pull them back before they get at that place. I'm not sure why I expect these words to work now when they oasis't worked the last 100 times. It's frustrating and embarrassing."

Both examples framed the experience of making and accepting mistakes — a valuable skill for any parent — every bit a shared, inevitable part of whatsoever major life journeying, parenting or otherwise. While neither example was deeply personal or self-revealing, I hope that acknowledging my own parenting blunders and frustrations helped level the relationship and heighten my approachability.

Self-disclosure, similar anything else we do equally counselors, is only as useful as clients' response to it. Obtaining regular client feedback on their experience of the alliance tin also help detect a client'due south response to cocky-disclosure and other aspects of our overall counseling fashion and approach.

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Catherine Beckett is an adjunct faculty member in the doctoral counseling program at Oregon Land University. She also has a private practice in Portland, Oregon, specializing in grief counseling.

Similar many other aspects of counseling, clients are going to have different experiences with unlike approaches. One question I ever ask during the intake process is, "If you lot have had counseling in the by and it worked well, what was information technology about the therapist's approach or style that was positive for you? Or, if information technology did not work well, were in that location aspects of the approach or style that contributed?"

Some clients say, "That therapist shared too much; I didn't like it." Whereas others may say, "That therapist wouldn't fifty-fifty reply basic questions about him[self] or herself, and I found it hard to have a human relationship with somebody I didn't know at all." So, within the bounds of what I believe is upstanding and what I feel comfortable with, I will try to be respectful of a customer's preferences in the service of building a positive brotherhood.

The second principle I accept found useful is the practice of requiring myself to have clarity about the purpose of a disclosure prior to making it. I suggest to clinicians whom I supervise that they be able to follow whatever disclosure with, "The reason I am sharing this is …" This serves two purposes. Commencement, it holds counselors responsible for clarity effectually intention. Second, information technology makes the purpose or intention articulate to the client, every bit opposed to — and guards against the possibility of — a disclosure coming beyond every bit chitchatty, or as the counselor making the session about him/her.

I also believe that counselors need to be very cautious about using disclosures to convince a customer that we understand how she or he feels. Even if we have had an experience similar to what that customer is going through, the reality is that we don't know how she or he feels. We had our own experience, and the experience of our customer may be quite different.

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John Sommers-Flanagan is a professor of advisor education at the University of Montana and the author of eight books, including Tough Kids, Cool Counseling, published by ACA.

My starting time idea well-nigh self-disclosure is that information technology'due south a multidimensional, multipurpose and creative counselor response (or technique) that includes a fascinating dialectic. On one hand, cocky-disclosure should be intentional. If counselors aren't enlightened that they're using self-disclosure and why they're using information technology, then they're probably just chatting. On the other hand, cocky-disclosure should be a spontaneous interpersonal act.

Self-disclosure is an act that involves revealing oneself. As Carl Rogers would probable say, if your words aren't honest and authentic, then your words aren't therapeutic. From my perspective — which is mostly person-centered — the purest (but not merely) purpose of self-disclosure is to deepen interpersonal connexion. Equally multicultural experts have noted, self-disclosure can facilitate trust more than effectively than a blank slate, considering transparency helps clients know who y'all are and where you stand. What's less oft discussed is that it's impossible to not self-disclose; we're constantly disclosing who we are through our vesture, mannerisms, informed consent course, part accoutrements and questions.

I retrieve working with a 19-year-old white, cisgender, heterosexual male. He told me he was diagnosed equally having reactive attachment disorder. Subsequently listening for 15 minutes, I was convinced that there was no possible way he could meet the diagnostic criteria for reactive attachment disorder. Get-go, I used an Adlerian-inspired question/disclosure: "What if information technology turned out you didn't actually take reactive attachment disorder?"

You might not consider a question as self-disclosure, but every question you ask doesn't simply inquire, it simultaneously reveals your interests.

Later, I disclosed directly, using immediacy: "Equally I sit and listen to all your positive relationships, information technology makes me call up you don't have reactive attachment disorder." Despite my interpersonally clever use of an educational intervention embedded in a self-disclosure, my client didn't budge, countering with, "That doesn't make whatever sense, because I'one thousand diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder."

At that point, I wanted to use self-disclosure to share with him all the ways in which I was a smarter and amend wellness care professional person than whoever had originally misdiagnosed him. Fortunately, I experienced a flash of self-awareness. Instead of using disclosure to enhance my credibility, I spontaneously disclosed, "I've been talking way as well much. I'm just going to put my hand over my mouth and listen to you lot for a while."

As I put my hand over my mouth, my customer smiled. The rest of the session was — in both our opinions — a rousing success.

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Zachary R. Taylor is a licensed professional counselor (LPC) and behavioral wellness director at a wellness center in Lexington, Virginia.

I specialize in working with patients who have chronic feet and panic, and I regularly disclose that I suffered from these disorders myself for more than than 10 years.

The key is being specific almost my experiences because many anxious patients feel no one understands what they are going through. Simply maxim, "I too was anxious" often doesn't connect. Instead, I choose specific stories about my many trips to the emergency room, my phobia of checking the mail service, the clutching on to my Xanax and my sophisticated driving routes through boondocks to avoid anxiety triggers.

When I share these things, it'south usually out of an try to normalize their experience and become leverage because, if they know I've been there, they're more likely to have my assistance not only every bit a licensed counselor simply besides as a former feet sufferer who has used these same counseling principles to recover.

Second, I utilise self-disclosure to reinforce principles we are working on in counseling. For example, to this day, I withal experience scary and sometimes tragic images that flash through my mind out of the blue. These used to send me into total-on anxiety spirals, during which I would go through all kinds of safety behaviors to reassure myself that I, and everyone I loved, was OK.

The only real deviation betwixt these images then and now is non that the images don't come back anymore but that I learned how to practise things many counselors know as cognitive defusion and psychological flexibility. This is the power to recognize the imaginary quality of these images and learning how to have the courage to treat them as things I can safely ignore.

This example, in particular, is useful when patients believe every broken-hearted idea, image or sensation and take them as something they demand to either reply to or repress. It gives them a new vision that recovery doesn't mean never having another broken-hearted thought merely learning to cope with them when they show up.

However, we must call up there's a deviation betwixt showing patients our psychological scars versus our psychological wounds. There is a significantly greater gamble in revealing hurts not yet healed. We must exist judicious in self-disclosure, brand it brief, always take a clear therapeutic purpose and have a reasonable expectation that the patient can manage the disclosure and that they never feel the need to intendance for u.s. in the process.

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Richard Southward. Balkin is an LPC and the editor of the Periodical of Counseling & Development. He is also a professor and doctoral plan coordinator in the Department of Leadership and Advisor Instruction at the University of Mississippi.

In the second semester of my primary's programme, my skills class was taught by a professor who followed a psychoanalytic orientation. She was clear that she would give feedback based on this orientation and that information technology was OK to refuse her feedback equally long equally we supported any alternative with our agreement of theory. I do non recall whatsoever pupil rejecting her feedback. That being said, I do recall my start session with a customer. When the client entered the room, I reached out to milkshake hands. When reviewing my initial session with the professor and class, I was asked [by the professor] why did I attain out to shake hands? When I indicated I thought that was the polite thing to do, I was told, "That'southward well-nigh you, not the client."

I remember being taken aback by this feedback, which seemed to me rather extreme. Not only did I listen to it at the time, but I was influenced by it for many years. Naturally, not shaking hands with the client easily extended to what I could possibly share with a client. If the initiation of a handshake was viewed as countertransference, I could only imagine what my professor would say if I were to cocky-disclose.

Of course, all of this was challenged in my first twelvemonth working as a professional advisor, when I worked on a dual diagnosis unit with adolescents. Many members of the multidisciplinary handling team were active in 12-step support programs, and so self-disclosure every bit a means for pedagogy most habit and working together was very natural. More chiefly, the adolescents seemed to appreciate the artlessness and larn something from it.

No doubt, cocky-disclosure can be helpful, but it tin also be self-serving for the advisor, contributing to an unhealthy dynamic in the counseling relationship. If the curative components of counseling truly are based on the counseling relationship, so counselors might do well to consider how self-disclosure will deepen the counseling human relationship. In [the ACA-published book] Relationships in Counseling and the Counselor's Life, my co-author, Jeffrey Kottler, and I mention ways that self-disclosure can be therapeutic, [including] communicating understanding and acceptance and promoting deeper reflection.

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Sidney Shaw is an LPC in Anchorage, Alaska, and a cadre faculty member in the School of Counseling at Walden University.

Researchers ofttimes draw two types of self-disclosure: immediate and nonimmediate self-disclosure. Immediate refers to process self-disclosures from the counselor nigh their own feelings or means of experiencing the relationship with the customer. Nonimmediate self-disclosure or counselor disclosure about their life, personal experiences or biographical information is frequently what counselors are referring to when they talk over cocky-disclosure. Firsthand and nonimmediate cocky-disclosure both take potential to deepen the alliance and promote client wellness. That said, at that place can also be negative effects of indiscriminate self-disclosure. The litmus test of whether or non to appoint in self-disclosure is to do so just when information technology will be therapeutic for the client.

In the spirit of cocky-disclosure, I'll share an anecdote about nonimmediate self-disclosure from my ain practice. Early in my counseling career, I worked with indigenous communities, and one of my offset experiences was to co-facilitate groups on the topic of salubrious families and communities. In preparing for the upcoming groups, my supervisor asked me, "Have you thought near what story y'all are going to share about yourself?" I replied that I had not considered it, and I could feel my anxiety ascension as he mentioned it. As a recent counseling graduate, I was highly concerned about negative effects of self-disclosure — e.g., too much accent on me, communicating that how I dealt with a situation is how the customer should deal with it, etc.

As my supervisor pointed out, and equally supported past my subsequent experience and broader inquiry findings on the topic, self-disclosure is oftentimes an important element of developing trust in working with ethnic clients. One of the groups that I co-facilitated was on the topic of male person family relationships. With this in mind, I shared a cursory story about my father, how nosotros had been through a long catamenia in which our human relationship was conflictual and how we eventually worked to move toward a more harmonious human relationship. Cultural context is an important cistron to consider in terms of how and to what degree to appoint in self-disclosure. Thoughtful and intentional self-disclosure can aid counselors build alliances with individual clients and with communities outside of their own.

As counselors, we may initially intend to self-disclose in lodge to promote client well-being, merely cocky-disclosure tin can subtly and unwittingly begin to pitter-patter toward serving our own needs. The question of whether or not our self-disclosure is therapeutic for the client is not i that counselors should answer in isolation. Ongoing consultation with skilled, wise and competent supervisors and peers is an essential chemical element of helping counselors answer this question.

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Caitlyn M. Bennett is a licensed mental health counselor and an banana professor at the Academy of North Texas.

One of my areas of clinical expertise is anxiety, especially in adolescents and young adults. Feet has a way of making people experience out of control, and oftentimes, clients have told me that they "experience crazy." Considering of this, I take found when processing and making sense of the physiological aspects of anxiety — i.eastward., racing heart, tightness of chest, etc. — with clients, it can be empowering and validating to self-disclose my personal physical expressions of anxiety.

Prior to this cocky-disclosure, I find that general psychoeducation about anxiety [and its furnishings on] the brain and body serves as a goad to making sense of anxiety equally well equally serving as a flake of a normalizing factor. This helps me to estimate whether clients feel connected and understand the physiological impacts of feet. For instance, their experience of anxiety may non involve as much of the physical experiences. Thus, me expressing my personal physical experiences of anxiety would not be helpful for the client.

After exploring psychoeducation, I begin to encourage clients to share about their personal physical feel of feet. If clients take a hard time identifying where in their body they experience anxiety, this is where I introduce cocky-disclosure by sharing, "When I experience anxious, I may feel my feet in my breast or my shoulders tense up. What about for you lot?"

I take found that this softens and makes exploring anxiety safer and more relatable without taking away from the counseling infinite being for the client. It as well creates an added layer of connectivity for the therapeutic relationship. I have found that some of the nigh powerful sessions accept been when clients experience understood by me as their counselor and also realize that I am just human too.

In all aspects of self-disclosure, I reflect on rapport and encourage my students to do the same. For case, I don't make it a point to self-disembalm prior to establishing a working therapeutic relationship. Cocky-disclosing prior to creating this relationship may create misunderstanding of what counseling will or volition not await like for the client.

It is also important for counselors to remember that self-disclosure can be such a powerful tool. In my personal process of integrating self-disclosure with a item client, I reflect on the pros and cons of self-disclosure, the divergence of touch in emotional (personal feelings) versus content (facts) self-disclosure, the development of the client and multicultural factors. When I take explored this with counselors-in-training, we ofttimes focus on using self-disclosure "for skilful and not for evil." That is, will the self-disclosure I choose to use exist helpful for my client and their process or but benefit myself?

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Ballad ZA McGinnis is a licensed clinical mental health counselor and approved supervisor. She is a pastoral counselor and clinical director for the AWI Counseling Center at the Fairview United Methodist Church building in Phoenix, Maryland, and an acquaintance professor and clinical mental wellness runway coordinator in the graduate counseling plan at Messiah College.

Every bit a person-centered [counselor], I rarely cocky-disembalm and only later on professional consultation and deep reflection on how that content may exist of significant help to the customer.

One client who had decided to drop out of high schoolhouse and pursue her GED received a brief self-disclosure from me at our termination session. I considered the fact that I had dropped out of high school and earned my GED many years prior to completion of my Ph.D. sufficient to disclose. [In doing so, I] meant to encourage and challenge the client to stay the class.

Another customer I can retrieve self-disclosing to was a Muslim boyish whose parents had asked with business concern near my religious orientation. Subsequently consultation with my site supervisor and fervent prayer, I decided to disembalm my faith tradition along with reiteration of my piece of work that would focus on the customer'southward beliefs and not my own. It was rewarding to receive a copy of the Koran at our termination session in appreciation from the customer and his family.

I do, however, apply emotional self-disclosure fairly oftentimes to validate and normalize client anger. Oftentimes, people who come to me for help with their anger feel shame, guilt or fear, and it has been helpful for them to hear that I am in alignment with them when they report an unfair or unjust result every bit the source of that emotional response. This disclosure does not include circumstances or stories from my life simply instead remains strictly within the realm of emotion in the moment.

One client case of this type of disclosure involved a [client'south] vague retentivity of an unidentifiable physician who had engaged in questionable behavior during a medical physical when she was a teenager. The client could not call up what had happened beyond [the dr.'s] request to have her strip naked and practice jumping jacks, yet the anger she held toward him was fresh. When this client cursed through tears at this person in the counseling session, I disclosed my ain feeling of anger toward this person because he had violated her trust and his professional mandate to act in an ethical mode. Efforts to study this professional were largely unsuccessful due to the customer'due south blocked memory, yet the client reported feeling affirmed and validated by our work that focused on mitigating that traumatic issue.

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Practitioners who cull to self-disclose information well-nigh their personal lives in counseling sessions often walk a fine line between using it equally a tool to connect with clients and diverting attention away from clients and on to themselves.

When used incorrectly, self-disclosure can take focus away from the therapeutic work and the needs of the client. When used appropriately, however, practitioner self-disclosure can build trust, strengthen the therapeutic relationship and help a advisor to express empathy.

So, how much self-disclosure is too much? Practitioners must always put the client first when using whatever intervention, including self-disclosure, says Joy Natwick, ideals specialist for the American Counseling Association. Counselors should carefully consider their customer's needs and presenting issues and whether the cocky-disclosure could trigger an outcome with which the client struggles, such equally backlog worry or caretaking beliefs, she says.

In addition, self-disclosure should never be used as a response to the counselor's emotional needs or in situations in which self-disclosure would jeopardize the quality of care to the client, Natwick emphasizes.

Self-disclosure should be regarded as a tool to engage clients and help movement them toward their handling goals. If it would accept whatever other outcome, it is unlikely to be the correct intervention to use, Natwick says.

For boosted guidance, consult the following standards in the 2014 ACA Code of Ethics:

• A.1.a. Primary responsibility
• A.4.a. Avoiding damage
• A.4.b. Personal values
• A.half-dozen.b. Extending counseling boundaries
• B.vii. Case consultation
• C.ii.g. Damage
• C.6. Public responsibleness
• H.6. Social media
• I.1.b. Ethical decision making

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Related resources from ACA

Books (counseling.org/publications/bookstore)

• Boundary Bug in Counseling: Multiple Roles and Responsibilities, third edition, past Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey
• Relationships in Counseling and the Counselor's Life by Jeffrey A. Kottler and Richard South. Balkin
• The Secrets of Exceptional Counselors by Jeffrey A. Kottler
• ACA Ethical Standards Casebook, seventh edition, past Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey

Counseling Today (ct.counseling.org)

• "#MeToo: The ethics of advisor self-disclosure" by Joy Natwick, February 2018 Ideals Update column
• "Artistic and novel approaches to empathy" by Ed Neukrug, February 2017 Knowledge Share
• "Building improve counselors" past John Sommers-Flanagan and Kindle Lewis, November 2017 Noesis Share
• "Why tin can't nosotros be friends?" by Allison L. Kramer, February 2016 Noesis Share

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Bethany Bray is a staff writer and social media coordinator for Counseling Today. Contact her atbbray@counseling.org.

Letters to the editor:ct@counseling.org

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Opinions expressed and statements fabricated in articles appearing on CT Online should not be assumed to represent the opinions of the editors or policies of the American Counseling Clan.

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Source: https://ct.counseling.org/2019/01/counselor-self-disclosure-encouragement-or-impediment-to-client-growth/

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